Tsarin Rarraba don Hanyoyin Sadarwar Kayayyakin Jiki na Rarrabuwa da ke dogara da Blockchain (DePIN)

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Hanyoyin Sadarwar Kayayyakin Jiki na Rarrabuwa (DePINs) suna wakiltar sauyin tsari a yadda ake mallaka, sarrafawa, da ƙarfafa kayan aikin jiki—kamar hanyoyin sadarwar mara waya, ajiyar bayanai, da hanyoyin firikwensin. Bayan tsarin tsakiya na masana'antu na gargajiya (misali, hanyoyin sadarwa, tsarin taswira da Google Maps ke mamaye), DePINs suna amfani da fasahar blockchain don rarraba iko, mallaka, da yanke shawara tsakanin ɗimbin mahalarta.

Babban alkawarin DePIN yana cikin yuwuwar sa don haɓaka juriya (ta hanyar kawar da wuraren gazawa guda ɗaya), haɓaka amana (ta hanyar bayanai masu bayyana, marasa canzawa), da inganta samun dama (ta hanyar shiga ba tare da izini ba). Duk da haka, saurin fitowar ayyuka sama da 50 na DePIN ya haifar da yanayi mai rarrabuwa wanda ba shi da tsarin gama gari don kwatantawa da bincike. Wannan aikin yana magance wannan gibi ta hanyar gabatar da cikakken tsarin rarraba na farko don tsarin DePIN, wanda aka samo daga tsarin ra'ayi.

2. Tsarin Ra'ayi na DePIN

An gina tsarin rarrabawar da aka gabatar akan tsarin ra'ayi mai kashi uku wanda ke ɗaukar ainihin kowane tsarin DePIN. Waɗannan girma uku suna da alaƙa sosai, inda zaɓin ƙira a wani girma ke takura ko ba da damar yuwuwa a wasu.

2.1 Girman Fasahar Rubutun Rarrabuwa (DLT)

Wannan girmai ya ƙunshi tushen tushen blockchain. Muhimman abubuwan sun haɗa da:

• Hanyar Yarjejeniya: Yarjejeniyar don cimma yarjejeniya kan yanayin rubutun (misali, Hujjar Aiki, Hujjar Hatsi, Hujjar Hatsi da aka wakilta).
• Tsarin Bayanai & Ajiya: Yadda ake tsara bayanai daga na'urori na zahiri, ajiye su akan layi ko ba a kan layi ba, da samun damar su.
• Ƙarfin Kwangilar Mai Hikima: Kasancewa da bayyananniyar kwangiloli masu hikima don sarrafa ayyuka da aiwatar da dokoki.
• Tsarin Gudanarwa: Hanyoyin a kan layi da ba a kan layi ba don yanke shawara game da haɓaka yarjejeniya da canje-canjen sigogi.

2.2 Girman Ƙirar Tattalin Arzikin Sirri

Wannan girmai yana ayyana injin ƙarfafawa na DePIN. Yana amsa yadda ake ba mahalarta lada da hukunci.

• Amfani da Ƙirar Alamar: Matsayin alamar asali (misali, don biyan kuɗi, saka hannun jari, gudanarwa).
• Tsarin Rarraba Ƙarfafawa: Algorithms don rarraba lada ga masu sarrafa kayan aiki, masu tabbatarwa, da sauran masu ba da gudummawar cibiyar sadarwa. Wannan sau da yawa ya ƙunshi hanyar tabbatar da aiki don tabbatar da gudummawar da ta dace.
• Jadawalin Fitowar Alamar: Shirin haɓaka ko raguwar wadatar alamar akan lokaci.
• Juriya ga Sybil & Haɗin Kai: Ƙirar tattalin arziki don hana wasan tsarin.

2.3 Girman Hanyar Sadarwar Kayan Aikin Jiki

Wannan girmai yana ma'amala da kayan aikin zahiri da haɗin kai.

• Tsarin Gine-ginen Kayan Aiki: Nau'in na'urori na zahiri da ke ciki (firikwensin, sabar ajiya, na'urorin sadarwar mara waya).
• Yarjejeniyar Sadarwa: Yadda na'urori ke sadarwa da juna da kuma tare da layin blockchain (misali, tsakanin takwarorinsu, abokin ciniki-sabar).
• Rarraba Yanayin Ƙasa & Girma: Tsarin turawa na zahiri da ikonsa na girma.
• Nau'in Sabis: Babban amfanin da aka bayar (Lissafi, Ajiya, Mara waya, Hankali).

3. Muhimman Bayanai & Haɗin Kai

Tsarin rarrabawar ya bayyana mahimman haɗin kai. Misali:

• DePIN da ya mai da hankali kan bayanan firikwensin mai yawan mita (Girman Jiki) na iya zaɓar blockchain mai babban ƙarfin fitarwa da ƙananan kuɗi (Girman DLT) da ƙirar alamar da ta dogara da ƙananan biyan kuɗi (Girman Tattalin Arzikin Sirri).
• DePIN mai mai da hankali kan ajiya yana buƙatar ingantattun hujjojin samun bayanai (Tattalin Arzikin Sirri) waɗanda ke tasiri yarjejeniya da ƙirar kwangila mai hikima (DLT).
• Zaɓin hanyar yarjejeniya (misali, PoS) yana tasiri kai tsaye ga buƙatun saka hannun jari na alamar da tsarin tsaro na matakin tattalin arzikin sirri.

Dole ne tsarin gudanarwa (DLT) ya yi daidai da tsarin ƙarfafawa (Tattalin Arzikin Sirri) don tabbatar da cewa cibiyar sadarwa za ta iya ci gaba ba tare da ikon tsakiya ba.

4. Tsarin Fasaha & Ƙirar Lissafi

Ƙirar tattalin arzikin sirri sau da yawa ta dogara da ƙirar lissafi don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali da daidaitawar ƙarfafawa. Babban ra'ayi shine aikin gudummawar da za a iya tabbatarwa.

Ƙirar Rarraba Lada: Lada $R_i$ don kumburi $i$ a lokacin $t$ ana iya ƙirar shi azaman aiki na gudummawar da za a iya tabbatarwa $C_i(t)$, jimillar gudummawar cibiyar sadarwa $C_{total}(t)$, da ƙimar fitar da alamar $E(t)$.

$R_i(t) = \frac{C_i(t)}{C_{total}(t)} \cdot E(t) \cdot (1 - \delta)$

Inda $\delta$ ke wakiltar kuɗin yarjejeniya ko ƙimar ƙonewa. Gudummawar $C_i(t)$ dole ne a iya aunawa kuma ta yi juriya ga jabu, sau da yawa tana buƙatar hujjojin sirri kamar Hujjar Lokaci-Sarari (don ajiya) ko Hujjar Wuri.

Tsaro da Juriya ga Sybil: Yawancin ƙira sun haɗa da buƙatar saka hannun jari $S_i$ wanda ke tasiri cancantar lada ko girma, yana haifar da farashi don halayen mugunta: $R_i \propto f(C_i, S_i)$. Wannan yana daidaitawa da ƙa'idodin ƙirar tsari don tabbatar da ma'auni na Nash wanda ke amfanar shiga na gaskiya.

5. Tsarin Bincike: Aiwatar da Nazarin Shari'a

Shari'a: Binciken Hanyar Sadarwar Mara Waya ta Rarrabuwa (misali, Cibiyar Sadarwar Helium)

1. Hanyar Sadarwar Kayan Aikin Jiki:
   • Tsarin Gine-ginen Kayan Aiki: Wuraren zafi na LoRaWAN ko 5G.
   • Nau'in Sabis: Rufe Mara Waya.
   • Sadarwa: Tsakanin takwarorinsu don hujjar rufewa, abokin ciniki-sabar don shiryar da bayanai.
2. Fasahar Rubutun Rarrabuwa:
   • Yarjejeniya: Hujjar Rufe (wata yarjejeniya ta musamman don tabbatar da wuri).
   • Kwangiloli Mai Hikima: Don sarrafa shigar da na'ura, yarjejeniyar canja wurin bayanai.
3. Ƙirar Tattalin Arzikin Sirri:
   • Amfani da Alamar: Alamar HNT don lada, biyan kuɗi don canja wurin bayanai, gudanarwa.
   • Tsarin Ƙarfafawa: Lada da aka rarraba bisa ga rufewar rediyo da za a iya tabbatarwa (Hujjar Rufe).
   • Fitarwa: Tsarin rabin lokaci mai ƙayyadaddun lokaci.

Bincike: Wannan tsarin yana ba mu damar sukar tsarin. Haɗin kai mai ƙarfi na yarjejeniya ta musamman (Hujjar Rufe) tare da sabis na zahiri ƙarfi ne don amana amma yana iya iyakance sassauci. Dogaron ƙirar tattalin arzikin sirri akan ƙimar alamar don tsaro yana gabatar da haɗarin sauyi, kuskure na gama gari a yawancin DePINs.

6. Duban Aikace-aikace & Hanyoyin Gaba

Aikace-aikace na Kusa: Faɗaɗawa cikin hanyoyin wutar lantarki (cinikin wutar lantarki na rarrabuwa), hanyoyin sadarwar firikwensin muhalli (bayanan gurɓataccen duniya, na ainihin lokaci), da CDNs na rarrabuwa don isar da abun ciki.

Hanyoyin Bincike & Ci Gaba na Gaba:

• Haɗin Kai na Cross-DePIN: Matsakaicin hanyoyin sadarwa da ke ba da damar DePINs daban-daban (misali, ajiya da lissafi) suyi aiki tare cikin sauƙi, kamar "Legos don kayan aikin jiki."
• Ƙirar Tattalin Arzikin Sirri Mai Ci Gaba: Haɗa ra'ayoyi daga ƙirar tsarin da AI ke tafiyar da shi don ƙirƙirar tsarin ƙarfafawa mafi dacewa da ƙarfi waɗanda za su iya amsa yanayin kasuwa da hanyoyin kai hari.
• Haɗin Kai na Dokoki-Fasaha: Haɓaka sassan bin ka'ida da rahoton dokoki akan layi don sauƙaƙe karɓuwa a cikin sassan da aka tsara sosai kamar wutar lantarki da hanyoyin sadarwa.
• Ƙa'idodin Tsaro na Kayan Aiki: Kafa ingantattun ƙa'idodi don Wuraren Ai da Amana (TEEs) da abubuwan tsaro a cikin kayan aikin DePIN don hana lalata ta zahiri.

7. Nassoshi

1. Ballandies, M. C., da sauransu. "Tsarin Rarraba don Hanyoyin Sadarwar Kayayyakin Jiki na Rarrabuwa da ke dogara da Blockchain (DePIN)." arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.16707 (2023).
2. Nakamoto, S. "Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki Tsakanin Takwarorinsu." (2008).
3. Buterin, V. "Takarda Fari na Ethereum: Kwangila Mai Hikima ta Gaba da Dandalin Aikace-aikacen Rarrabuwa." (2014).
4. Benet, J. "IPFS - Tsarin Fayil na P2P, Wanda aka Yi La'akari da Abun Ciki, Sigar." arXiv preprint arXiv:1407.3561 (2014).
5. Roughgarden, T. "Ƙirar Hanyar Kuɗin Ma'amala don Blockchain na Ethereum: Nazarin Tattalin Arziki na EIP-1559." arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.00854 (2020).
6. Dandalin Tattalin Arzikin Duniya. "Blockchain da Fasahar Rubutun Rarrabuwa a cikin Kayayyakin More Rayuwa." Takarda Fari (2022).

8. Binciken Ƙwararru: Cikakken Bayani, Tsarin Ma'ana, Ƙarfafawa & Kurakurai, Bayanai masu Amfani

Cikakken Bayani: Wannan takarda ba wasa ne kawai na ilimi ba; taswira ce da ake buƙata sosai don iyakar da ke faɗaɗa cikin rudani. Marubutan sun gano daidai cewa ƙalubalen wanzuwar DePIN ba fasaha ba ne—haɗin kai ne. Ba tare da harshe gama gari don bayyana waɗannan tsarin masu rikitarwa, mai girma uku (Jiki/DLT/Tattalin Arzikin Sirri) ba, sashin yana fuskantar haɗarin nutsewa a cikin farin cikinsa, tare da biliyoyin kuɗin jari suna bin ayyukan da ba su da kyau waɗanda ba su da kwanciyar hankali a zahiri. Wannan tsarin rarrabawar shine ƙoƙari na farko na gaske don sanya tsarin hankali, yana ba da damar kwatanta, a ce, tsarin ajiyar Filecoin da tsarin mara waya na Helium bisa ga daidaito. Yana canza tattaunawar daga "wace alama ce ke ƙara?" zuwa "menene ƙirar tsarin da ke ƙasa da musayar sa?"

Tsarin Ma'ana: Hujjar an gina ta cikin kyau. Ya fara da gano matsalar: sake tsakiya na dandamalin dijital da yanayin DePIN mai rarrabuwa. Maganin shine tsarin bayyani (rarrabawa) wanda aka samo daga manufa mai kyau (tsarin ra'ayi). An zaɓi girma uku cikin wayo—dukansu suna da cikakken bayani kuma suna da kusurwa sosai don zama masu amfani ga bincike. Sannan takarda ta bincika dogaron da ke tsakanin waɗannan girma a hankali, wanda shine inda ainihin ƙimarsa ta fito. Ya nuna cewa zaɓin Hujjar Hatsi (DLT) ba shawarar fasaha ce kawai ba; yana tsara tattalin arzikin alamar da shingen shiga ga masu sarrafa kayan aiki.

Ƙarfafawa & Kurakurai:
Ƙarfafawa: Tsarin kashi uku yana da ƙarfi kuma zai zama ma'anar tunani. Bayyana haɗin kai yana da mahimmanci—yawancin bincike suna ɗaukar waɗannan matakan a keɓe. Haɗin kai da misalan zahiri (kamar Google Maps) ya kafa aikin.
Kurakurai: Takardar tsarin rarrabawa ce, ba cikakkiyar ka'ida ba. Ta bayyana "menene," amma ta ba da ƙasa akan "to menene" na takamaiman zaɓin ƙira. Misali, menene musayar da za a iya ƙididdigewa tsakanin buƙatar babban saka hannun jari (tsaro) da haɓakar cibiyar sadarwa (samun dama)? Hakanan yana ƙarancin bayyana manyan ƙalubalen aiki na sarrafa kayan aikin zahiri a ma'auni tare da gudanarwar rarrabuwa—matsala da ta addabi ayyuka kamar Helium. Ƙirar tattalin arzikin sirri da aka tattauna suna da sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da kasuwannin alamar masu sauyi, masu juyawa waɗanda suke cikinsu, wani gibi da gazawar tattalin arzikin sirri na kwanan nan ya nuna.

Bayanai masu Amfani:

• Ga Masu Zuba Jari: Yi amfani da wannan tsarin rarrabawa azaman lissafin bincike. Ku bincika kowane aikin DePIN ta waɗannan madubi uku. Idan ƙungiya ba za ta iya bayyana zaɓinta da musayar sa a kowane girma ba, alama ce ja. Ku mai da hankali musamman kan daidaitawa tsakanin girma—rashin daidaito shine mafarin rugujewa.
• Ga Masu Gina: Kar ku gina kawai; ku yi ƙira da hankali ta amfani da wannan tsarin. Ku rubuta zaɓin gine-ginenku a fili a cikin wannan tsarin rarrabawa. Wannan zai inganta sadarwa, jawo hankalin jari mai zurfi, da sauƙaƙe haɗin kai. Ku ba da fifiko ga warware matsalar gudummawar da za a iya tabbatarwa don sabis ɗinku na zahiri—wannan shine mabuɗin amana.
• Ga Masu Bincike: Wannan shine farkon layi, ba ƙarshen ba. Mataki na gaba mai gaggawa shine matsawa daga rarrabawa zuwa kwaikwayo da tabbatarwa. Muna buƙatar ƙirar tushen wakili don gwada haɗin kai da aka gano a nan, musamman a ƙarƙashin yanayin adawa da damuwar kasuwa. Bincike ya kamata ya mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar ƙarin ƙa'idodin tattalin arzikin sirri masu juriya waɗanda ba su dogara da ƙimar alamar har abada ba.