Rajistar Na'ura Mai Dogaro da Takaddun Shaida a DePINs tare da Shaidar Rashin Sanin Sirri (ZKPs)

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Cibiyoyin Sadarwar Kayayyakin Duniya (DePINs) suna wakiltar sauyi a yadda ake mallaka, sarrafa, da ƙarfafa ababen more rayuwa na zahiri—daga hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya zuwa tsarin firikwensin. Ayyuka kamar Helium da IoTeX suna nuna yuwuwar ƙaddamar da hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya ta hanyar ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin sirri. Duk da haka, wata babbar aibi ta ci gaba: yayin da tsarin blockchain ke kiyaye ma'amalolin alama (token), ba su ba da wata hanya ta asali don kafa aminci a cikin na'urorin zahiri waɗanda suka zama ginshiƙin hanyar sadarwa ba. Na'urori masu mugunta ko ƙasa da ma'auni na iya lalata bayanai, da'awar lada cikin yaudara, da rage ingancin sabis, suna barazana ga yuwuwar duk hanyar sadarwa.

Wannan takarda, "Zuwa Rajistar Na'ura Mai Dogaro da Takaddun Shaida a cikin DApps don DePINs tare da ZKPs," tana magance wannan babban gibi na aminci. Tana ba da shawarar tsarin Rajistar Na'ura Mai Dogaro da Takaddun Shaida (CDR) wanda ke amfani da Takaddun Shaida Masu Tabbaci (VCs) don tabbatarwa da Shaidar Rashin Sanin Sirri (ZKPs) don sirri, yana ba da damar tabbatar da halayen na'ura a kan tsarin (on-chain) ba tare da bayyana bayanan sirri da kansu ba.

2. Muhimman Ra'ayoyi & Bayanin Matsala

2.1 Tazarar Aminci ta DePIN

DePINs sun dogara da bayanan na'ura daga waje (off-chain) (misali, karatun firikwensin, shaidar wuri) don kunna lada na alama (token) a kan tsarin (on-chain). Wannan yana haifar da raɗaɗin tabbatacciya. Tsarin blockchain ba zai iya tabbatar da kansa ba ko na'urar da ke ba da rahoton "bandwidth na Mbps 50" tana da shi da gaske, ko kuma an daidaita firikwensin kuma an sanya shi a wurin da ake da'awa. Halin yanzu sau da yawa ya ƙunshi aminci makaho a cikin masu ba da labari (oracles) ko masu na'ura, wani mahimmin batu na gazawa.

2.2 Matsalar Tabbatarwa a Kan Tsarin (On-Chain) da Waje (Off-Chain)

Maganganun da suka gabata suna gabatar da ciniki:

Tabbatarwa a Kan Tsarin (On-Chain): Ajiyewa da duba takaddun shaida na na'ura (misali, takaddar shaida mai sa hannu daga masana'anta) kai tsaye a kan tsarin yana da bayyananne amma yana fitar da bayanan sirri na kasuwanci ko na sirri (misali, cikakkun ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki, lambobin serial, ainihin mai shi).
Tabbatarwa daga Waje (Off-Chain): Kiyaye dabarun tabbatarwa daga waje (misali, a cikin mai ba da labari da ake aminta da shi) yana kiyaye sirri amma yana sake gabatar da tsaki da zato na aminci waɗanda DePINs ke nufin kawar da su.

Takardar ta gano wannan a matsayin babbar matsala: Yadda ake yin tabbatacciyar tabbatarwa marar aminci, mai rarrabuwa na takaddun shaida na na'ura yayin kiyaye sirrin halayen takaddun shaida?

3. Shawarar Magani: Rajistar Na'ura Mai Dogaro da Takaddun Shaida (CDR)

3.1 Tsarin Tsari & Tsarin Gine-gine

Tsarin CDR yana gabatar da kwararar ma'ana wanda ya ƙunshi manyan 'yan wasa guda huɗu:

Mai Bayarwa (Issuer): Ƙungiya da ake aminta da ita (misali, masana'antar na'ura, hukumar tabbatarwa) wacce ke bayar da Takaddun Shaida Masu Tabbaci (VCs) don tabbatar da halayen na'ura.
Na'ura/Mai Shaida (Prover): Na'urar zahiri (ko mai shi) wacce ke riƙe da VC kuma dole ne ta tabbatar da ingancin takaddun shaida yayin rajista.
Yarjejeniya Mai Hikima/Mai Tabbatarwa (Verifier): Dabaru a kan tsarin (on-chain) waɗanda ke bayyana manufofin rajista (misali, "na'ura dole tana da RAM ≥8GB") kuma suna tabbatar da shaidar ZK.
Cibiyar Sadarwar DePIN: Babban aikace-aikacen da ke karɓar na'urar bayan rajista mai nasara.

3.2 Matsayin Shaidar Rashin Sanin Sirri (ZKPs)

ZKPs su ne injin ɓoyayyen rubutu waɗanda ke warware matsala. Na'ura na iya samar da shaida $\pi$ wacce za ta gamsar da yarjejeniyar mai hikima game da magana mai zuwa: "Ina da ingantaccen takaddun shaida daga Mai Bayarwa X, kuma halayen da ke cikin wannan takaddun shaida sun gamsar da manufar Y (misali, RAM > 8GB), ba tare da bayyana ainihin takaddun shaida ko ƙayyadaddun ƙimar halayen ba." Wannan yana ba da damar aiwatar da manufa tare da cikakkiyar sirri.

4. Aiwatar da Fasaha & Kimantawa

4.1 Zaɓin Tsarin Shaida: Groth16 vs. Marlin

Takardar tana kimanta manyan tsarin zkSNARK guda biyu:

Groth16: Tsarin shaida mai inganci sosai wanda aka sani da ƙaramin girman shaida da saurin tabbatarwa. Duk da haka, yana buƙatar saitin da ake aminta da shi don kowane da'ira.
Marlin: Sabon SNARK na duniya kuma mai iya sabuntawa. Yana amfani da tsarin layin tunani na duniya (SRS), yana ba da damar saitin amintattu guda ɗaya don da'irori daban-daban, yana ba da sassauci mafi girma.

4.2 Sakamakon Gwaji & Matsalolin Aiki

Gwaje-gwajen sun bayyana babban cinikin injiniya, wanda aka kwatanta a cikin ginshiƙi na ra'ayi da ke ƙasa:

Ginshiƙi: Cinikin Tsarin Shaida don CDR
X-axis: Lokacin Samar da Shaida (Bangaren Na'ura/Mai Shaida)
Y-axis: Lokacin Tabbatar da Shaida & Farashi (A Kan Tsarin)
Bincike: Shaidun Groth16 suna da sauri sosai don tabbatarwa a kan tsarin (ƙananan farashin gas), wanda ke da mahimmanci don yawan binciken rajista. Duk da haka, Marlin yana ba da sassauci mai tsayi da rage yawan saitin. Zaɓin ya dogara da takamaiman buƙatun DePIN: rajista masu mahimmanci na farashi, mafi yawan mitoci sun fi son Groth16; hanyoyin sadarwa da ke tsammanin sabuntawar manufa akai-akai na iya karkata zuwa Marlin.

Muhimmin Ma'auni: Farashin Gas na Tabbatarwa

Tushen toshewa don dApps a kan tsarin. Tabbatarwar Groth16 mai inganci sosai ta sa ta fi dorewa a tattalin arziki don turawa babban tsarin (mainnet).

Muhimmin Ma'auni: Lokacin Mai Shaida (Prover Time)

Mahimmanci don amfani da bangaren na'ura. Dukansu tsarin suna sanya lokutan shaida masu mahimmanci, suna nuna buƙatar ingantattun da'irori ko haɓaka kayan aiki don na'urorin IoT masu ƙarancin albarkatu.

5. Muhimman Fahimta & Ra'ayi na Mai Bincike

Muhimmin Fahimta

Takardar ba kawai game da tsarin rajista ba ce; tana da ginshiƙi na asali don amincin shirye-shirye a cikin ababen more rayuwa na zahiri. CDR tare da ZKPs yana motsa DePINs daga "aminci a cikin ƙarfafawa" zuwa "amincin da za a iya tabbatarwa a cikin kayan aiki," yana ba da damar hanyoyin sadarwa su aiwatar da garantin ingancin sabis (QoS) a matakin ƙa'ida. Wannan shine hanyar da ta ɓace don DePINs su kammala daga tsare-tsaren alama (token) na hasashe zuwa ingantaccen ababen more rayuwa na amfani.

Kwararar Ma'ana

Hujja tana da sauƙi mai gamsarwa: 1) DePINs suna buƙatar na'urori masu aminci. 2) Aminci yana buƙatar halaye da aka tabbatar. 3) Tabbatarwar jama'a tana lalata sirri. 4) ZKPs suna warware cinikin sirri-tabbatarwa. Marubutan sun gano daidai cewa ainihin ƙalubale ba sabon abu ne na ɓoyayyen rubutu ba amma haɗin tsarin na ƙa'idodin SSI (VCs) tare da tsarin ZK masu iya aiki (zkSNARKs) a cikin iyakokin tattalin arzikin gas na blockchain.

Ƙarfi & Aibobi

Ƙarfi: Babban ƙarfin takardar shine tsarinta na aiki, mai dogaro da kimantawa. Ta hanyar kimanta Groth16 da Marlin, ta kafa ra'ayi na ka'ida a cikin gaskiyar rikitarwa na farashin blockchain. Tsarin tsari yana da tsabta kuma ana iya yin ta gabaɗaya a cikin madaidaitan DePIN (lissafi, ji, haɗawa).
Babban Aibi/Rashin: Takardar gabaɗaya ta yi watsi da matsalar amincin mai bayarwa. ZKP yana tabbatar da cewa takaddun shaida yana da inganci kuma ya cika manufa, amma baya tabbatar da cewa mai bayarwa yana da gaskiya ko kwarewa. Idan masana'anta ya ba da takaddun shaida na "inganci mai girma" na yaudara, duk tsarin zai gaza. Takardar tana buƙatar tattaunawa mai zurfi game da hanyoyin sadarwar tabbatarwa masu rarrabuwa ko shaidar aikin zahiri, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ayyuka kamar Nexus na Avail ko aikin ilimi kan yarjejeniya don tsarin zahiri.

Fahimta Masu Aiki

1. Ga Masu Gina DePIN: Aiwatar da CDR ba a matsayin rajista sau ɗaya ba, amma a matsayin matakin tabbatarwa na ci gaba. Ya kamata na'urori su sake tabbatar da matsayinsu da wurinsu akai-akai. 2. Ga Masu Zuba Jari: Ba da fifiko ga ayyukan DePIN waɗanda ke da taswirar fasaha mai inganci don shigar da na'ura tare da rage aminci. Aikin da ke amfani da hanyoyin kamar CDR yana da ƙarancin haɗari idan aka kwatanta da wanda ke dogaro da masu ba da labari na tsakiya. 3. Gudu na Bincike na Gaba: Mayar da hankali kan tarawa shaidar ZK. Shin za a iya tara shaidu daga dubban na'urori masu yin rajista lokaci ɗaya zuwa tabbataccen tabbatarwa guda ɗaya a kan tsarin? Wannan shine ci gaban da ake buƙata, kamar rawar da rollups ke takawa don ma'amaloli.

Bincike na Asali: Tarin Aminci don Duniyar Zahiri

Tsarin CDR da Heiss da sauransu suka gabatar yana wakiltar muhimmin mataki a cikin gina cikakken tsarin gine-ginen aminci don haɗin kai na Web3-duniyar zahiri. Ainihin ƙirƙirarsa ta ta'allaka ne a sake tsara matsalar ainihin na'ura. Maimakon ɗaukar na'ura a matsayin maɓalli na ɓoyayyen rubutu (ma'aunin Web3 na yanzu), yana ɗaukarta a matsayin mai ɗaukar da'awar da za a iya tabbatarwa game da iyawarsa. Wannan ya yi daidai da babban sauyi a cikin ainihin dijital zuwa masu ganowa masu rarrabuwa (DIDs) da takaddun shaida masu tabbaci, kamar yadda W3C ta daidaita. Duk da haka, dogaron takardar akan zkSNARKs ya sanya ta a kan gaba na amfani da ɓoyayyen rubutu, inda ciniki tsakanin sassaucin tsarin shaida, rikitarwar mai shaida, da ingancin mai tabbatarwa suke da mahimmanci.

Wannan aikin yana tsakiyar mahadar mai ban sha'awa. Ya samo asali ne daga ƙa'idodin Ainihin Kai (SSI), yana amfani da ƙwararrun ɓoyayyen rubutu na zkSNARKs (gina aikin tushe kamar Groth16 da sabbin abubuwa kamar Marlin), kuma yana turawa shi a cikin yanayin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar mai hikima na blockchain. Kwatancin aikin yana da mahimmanci. A cikin aikace-aikacen blockchain, musamman akan hanyoyin sadarwa masu tsada kamar Ethereum, farashin gas na tabbatarwa shine sau da yawa babban ƙuntatawa. Bayanan takardar sun nuna cewa don manufofin tsaye, saitin amintattu na Groth16 ciniki ne mai daraja don ingantaccen ingancin tabbatarwa—binciken da ya kamata ya jagoranci aiwatar da aiki nan take.

Duk da haka, hanyar gaba tana buƙatar duba fiye da tsarin shaida guda ɗaya. Sabon fagen haɗin shaida mai maimaitawa, kamar yadda aka bincika a cikin ayyuka kamar Nova, zai iya ba da damar ƙarin rikitarwa, tabbatarwa mai matsayi game da halayen na'ura akan lokaci. Ƙari ga haka, haɗin kai tare da kayan aiki masu aminci (misali, TPMs, Secure Enclaves) don ma'auni da aminci da samar da shaida shine muhimmin mataki na gaba don hana satar takaddun shaida ko yaudarar na'ura. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin rahoton 2023 na Gidauniyar Ethereum akan ZK-Rollups, juyin halitta daga shaidu guda ɗaya, masu rikitarwa zuwa tarawa shaidar da za a iya aiki shine mabuɗin karɓuwa da yawa. CDR don DePINs zai bi hanya mai kama: daga tabbatar da takaddun shaida na na'ura ɗaya zuwa tabbatar da ingancin duk runduna yadda ya kamata, yana ba da damar haɓaka da gaske da amintattun hanyoyin sadarwar ababen more rayuwa na zahiri.

6. Zurfin Binciken Fasaha

6.1 Tsarin Lissafi

Za a iya tsara ainihin maganar ZK don CDR. Bari:

$C$ ya zama takaddun shaida na na'ura, tsarin bayanai mai sa hannu daga Mai Bayarwa $I$: $C = \{attr_1, attr_2, ..., sig_I\}$.
$\Phi$ ya zama maɓallin tabbatarwa na jama'a don mai bayarwa $I$.
$\mathcal{P}$ ya zama manufar rajista ta jama'a (misali, $attr_{ram} > 8$).
$w = (C, private\_attrs)$ ya zama shaidar sirri na mai shaida.

Na'urar tana samar da shaidar zkSNARK $\pi$ don dangantakar $R$:

$R = \{ (\Phi, \mathcal{P}; w) : \text{VerifySig}(\Phi, C) = 1 \ \wedge \ \text{CheckPolicy}(\mathcal{P}, C) = 1 \}$

Yarjejeniyar mai hikima, sanin $\Phi$ da $\mathcal{P$ kawai, na iya tabbatar da $\pi$ don gamsu da gaskiyar maganar ba tare da sanin $w$ ba.

6.2 Tsarin Bincike: Misalin Amfani na DePIN na Hasashe

Yanayi: Hanyar sadarwa mara waya mai rarrabuwa (kamar Helium 5G) tana buƙatar masu ba da sabis na hotspot su tabbatar da cewa kayan aikinsu yana da mafi ƙarancin ribar eriya kuma ba a sanya shi a cikin tantanin halitta da aka cika yanki ba don karɓar cikakken lada.

Aikace-aikacen CDR:

Bayarwa: Ingantaccen masana'antar eriya ya ba da VC zuwa ingantaccen ɓangaren na'ura, yana sa hannun halaye kamar `model: ABC-123`, `gain: 5dBi`, `serial: XYZ789`.
Shaidar Rajista: Software na'urar yana gina shaidar ZK wacce ke nuna: "VC na yana da inganci mai sa hannu daga Masana'anta M, KUMA halayen `gain` > 3dBi, KUMA lambar `serial` ba ta kan jeri na soke jama'a ba (shaidar rashin zama memba na bishiyar Merkle), BA tare da bayyana ainihin serial ko riba ba." Ana iya haɗa wata shaida daban na wuri (misali, ta hanyar kayan aiki da ake aminta da su).
Manufa a Kan Tsarin (On-Chain): Yarjejeniyar mai hikima ta hanyar sadarwa tana riƙe da manufar $\mathcal{P}_{5G} = (gain > 3, location\_cell \not\_saturated)$. Tana tabbatar da shaidar guda ɗaya, taƙaice $\pi$.
Sakamako: An yi rajistar na'urar tare da matsayin "tabbatacce," yana cancanta ta don matakan lada mafi girma, duk yayin da cikakkun ƙayyadaddun kayan aikinta da lambar serial suka kasance a ɓoye tsakanin mai shi da masana'anta.

7. Ayyukan Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike

Manufofin Mai Sauyi, Mai Dogaro da Suna: Tsawaita CDR daga binciken halaye na tsaye zuwa shaidu game da maki suna ko bayanan aikin tarihi da aka adana ta hanyar rarrabuwa (misali, akan Ceramic ko IPFS).
Yiwuwar Canja Takaddun Shaida Tsakanin DePIN: Takaddun shaida da aka bayar don GPU a cikin DePIN na lissafi (kamar Acurast) ana sake amfani da shi, tare da sirri, don yin rajista don DePIN na hasashen AI, ƙirƙirar ma'aikatan zahiri masu haɗawa.
Shaidar ZK na Aikin Zahiri (ZK-PoPW): Haɗa CDR tare da hanyoyin yarjejeniya. Na'urori za su iya tabbatar da cewa sun yi takamaiman aikin zahiri da za a iya tabbatarwa (misali, takamaiman lissafi, karatun firikwensin na musamman) ba tare da bayyana cikakken shigar da/fitar da aikin ba, ya wuce rajista mai sauƙi zuwa tabbataccen sabis.
Haɗin Kayan Aiki-ZKP: Bincike cikin sauƙin da'irori na ZK da masu haɓaka kayan aiki (misali, akan ingantattun ɓangarori ko guntu masu ƙarancin wutar lantarki) don sanya samar da shaida ya zama mai yiwuwa ga mafi ƙarancin na'urorin IoT.
Yin Biyayya ga Dokoki: Amfani da CDR don samar da shaidu masu bincike, masu kiyaye sirri cewa na'urorin hanyar sadarwa suna bin dokoki (misali, dokokin sirrin bayanai, ƙa'idodin aminci) ba tare da fallasa cikakkun bayanan aiki na sirri ba.

8. Nassoshi

Groth, J. (2016). On the Size of Pairing-Based Non-interactive Arguments. EUROCRYPT 2016.
Chiesa, A., et al. (2020). Marlin: Preprocessing zkSNARKs with Universal and Updatable SRS. EUROCRYPT 2020.
Miers, I., & Green, M. (2018). Bolt: Anonymous Payment Channels for Decentralized Currencies. CCS 2018.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). (2022). Verifiable Credentials Data Model v1.1. https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-data-model/
Ethereum Foundation. (2023). ZK-Rollups: The Ultimate Guide. https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/scaling/zk-rollups/
Ben-Sasson, E., et al. (2014). Zerocash: Decentralized Anonymous Payments from Bitcoin. IEEE S&P 2014.
Heiss, J., et al. (2023). Towards Credential-based Device Registration in DApps for DePINs with ZKPs. Preprint.